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Nigerian Air Force

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Nigerian Air Force
Badge of the Nigerian Air Force
Founded18 April 1964; 60 years ago (1964-04-18)
Country Nigeria
AllegianceFederal Republic of Nigeria
TypeAir force
RoleAerial warfare
Sizeapproximately 147 aircraft, and 18,000 active personnel[1]
Part ofNigerian Armed Forces
HeadquartersAbuja, F.C.T.[2]
Motto(s)"Willing ... Able ... Ready"
ColoursGreen and White
AnniversariesArmed Forces Remembrance Day (15 January)
EquipmentFighter jets, reconnaissance aircraft, logistics aircraft, attack helicopters, attack drones, surveillance drones, SAM (Air Defense System)
Engagements
Websitewww.airforce.mil.ng
Commanders
Commander-in-ChiefPresident Bola Tinubu
Chief of Defence StaffGeneral Christopher Musa
Chief of the Air StaffAir Marshal Hassan Abubakar
Insignia
Roundel
Fin flash
Flag
Aircraft flown
FighterJF-17, Chengdu J-7, Aermacchi M-346, Alpha Jet, Aero L-39, A-29 Super Tucano
HelicopterMil Mi-24, Bell 412, Mil Mi-17, AW101, AW139, AW109, AS332 Super Puma, EC135
Attack helicopterTAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK, Mil Mi-35
TrainerAlpha Jet, MB 339A, Aero L-39
TransportAeritalia G.222, Dassault Falcon 7X, Gulfstream G550, 737 BBJ, Lockheed C-130 Hercules

The Nigerian Air Force (NAF) is the air branch of the Nigerian Armed Forces. It is the youngest branch of the Nigerian Armed Forces, established four years after the nation became independent. As at 2021, the air force is one of the largest in Africa, consisting of over 18,000 personnel.[3] Some of its popular aircraft include the Chengdu F-7s, Dassault-Dornier Alpha Jets, JF-17 Thunder Block II, T129 Atak, Agusta Westland 109, Eurocopter EC135 and Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano.

History

[edit]

Although an air force was originally proposed in 1958, many lawmakers preferred to rely on the United Kingdom for air defense.[citation needed] But during peacekeeping operations in Congo and Tanganyika, the Nigerian Army had no air transport of its own, and so in 1962, the government began to recruit cadets for pilot training in various foreign countries, with the first ten being taught by the Egyptian Air Force.[4]

1960s

[edit]

The Nigerian Air Force was formally established on 18 April 1964 with the passage of the Air Force Act 1964. The Act stated that the "Nigerian Air Force shall be charged with the defense of the Federal Republic by air, and to give effect thereto, the personnel shall be trained in such duties as in the air as well as on the ground." The NAF was formed with technical assistance from West Germany (now Federal Republic of Germany). The air force started life as a transport unit with the first air crew trained with the Ethiopian Air Force. The second set of cadets underwent training in February 1963 with the Royal Canadian Air Force while some cadets were sent to train with the Indian Air Force.[5]

The head of the German Air Force Assistance Group (GAFAG) was Colonel Gerhard Kahtz, and he became the first commander of the NAF. The nucleus of the NAF was thus established with the formation of the Nigerian Air Force headquarters at the Ministry of Defense.

The NAF did not acquire combat capability until several Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 aircraft were presented by the Soviet Union in support of Nigeria's war effort during the Nigerian Civil War. On 13 August 1967, following several damaging attacks by Biafran aircraft, the USSR started delivering the first MiG-17s from Egypt to Kano IAP, simultaneously sending a large shipment aboard a Polish merchant ship. Initially two MiG-15UTI (NAF601 and NAF 602), and eight MiG-17 (NAF603 to NAF610) were supplied to Nigeria. Later six Il-28 bombers, initially flown upon deployment by Egyptian and Czech pilots, were delivered from Egypt and stationed at Calabar and Port Harcourt.

1970s

[edit]

In July 1971, the International Institute for Strategic Studies estimated that NAF had 7,000 personnel and 32 combat aircraft: six Ilyushin Il-28 medium bombers, eight MiG-17, eight Aero L-29 Delfín jet trainers, and 10 P-149D trainers. Other aircraft included six C-47, 20 Do-27/28, and eight Westland Whirlwind and Alouette II helicopters.

During the 1970s, Nigeria bought Lockheed C-130 Hercules from the United States. Six were acquired at a total cost of $45 million. 25 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21MFs and six MiG-21UM were delivered in 1975 upon the advent of the Murtala-Obasanjo administration that replaced the regime of General Yakubu Gowon. Most of these aircraft were deployed, making the NAF one of the most formidable air forces in Africa during this period.

Jimi Peters wrote: "...the 1975-1980 NAF development plan restructured NAF formations" into group (air force) level units that reported to air force headquarters. That structure, he went on, was found too cumbersome, and thus two intermediate commands (military formations) were formed in 1978: NAF Tactical Air Command and NAF Training Command.

1980s

[edit]

From 1984, 18 SEPECAT Jaguar fighters (13 Jaguar SNs and 5 Jaguar BNs) were delivered and operated from Makurdi. They retired in 1991. Nigeria purchased 24 Aero L-39 Albatros armed jet trainers in 1986–87, having retired its fleet of L-29 that were donated to the Republic of Ghana Air Force at the inception of the West African Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) operations in Liberia. A subsequent attempt to expand the fleet by acquiring 27 more in 1991 was not executed.

2000s

[edit]

In 2005, under the administration of President Olusegun Obasanjo, the Nigerian Parliament appropriated US$251 million to purchase 15 Chengdu F-7 fighter aircraft from China. The deal included 12 F-7NI (NI-Nigeria) single-seat fighter variant, and 3 FT-7NI dual-seat trainer aircraft. The $251 million package included $220 million for 15 aircraft, plus $32 million for armaments: live PL-9C AAM, training PL-9 rounds, unguided rockets, and 250/500 kg bombs. The pioneer NAF pilots on the aircraft trained in China in 2008, while delivery of the aircraft began in 2009. Nigeria had previously considered a $160 million deal to refurbish its fleet of MiG-21s by Aerostar/Elbit Systems, IAI, and RSK MiG. However, it was considered more cost-effective to opt for acquiring the F-7s which were brand new. Nigeria also initiated modification of its variant of the F7, including installing some western equipment and avionics and hence its official designation as "F7-Ni" to reflect that its variant differs in some respects from a typical Chinese F-7. With this acquisition, the fleet of MiG 21s was subsequently retired. The Federal Government of Nigeria under the same dispensation acquired some ATR Maritime Patrol aircraft, built by EADS and Finmeccania / Alenia Aeronautica, boosting the capacity of the service to carry out extensive Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions on land and far into the sea.

From September 2009, Nigeria began refurbishing some of its C-130 aircraft beginning with the NAF 917 which it brought back to life with the support of U.S. Air Forces Africa and 118th Airlift Wing. The NAF has subsequently further improved its domestic capacity with the increase in the serviceability of a good number of its transport aircraft.

2010s

[edit]

The NAF designed and built its first indigenous UAV, the "Gulma," which was unveiled by former president Goodluck Jonathan in Kaduna, who said that the "Gulma" would be useful in aerial imaging/mapping, telecommunications, and weather monitoring. According to him, the UAV was rapidly becoming an important tool in news coverage, environmental monitoring, and oil and gas exploration.[6]

On 24 March 2011, the new Air Officer Commanding of NAF Mobility Command, Air Vice Marshal John Aprekuma, explained the rationale behind the establishment of the headquarters of the newly established Air Force Mobility Command in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State as being part of the Federal Government's strategy to protect its socio-economic interest in the Niger Delta, affirming that the presence of the command's headquarters would bring about security and calm to the people of the State.

On 9 December 2011, the Nigerian Air Force commissioned its first female pilot, Blessing Liman, following a directive to the NAF hierarchy by former President Goodluck Jonathan, for the service to start offering flying opportunities to qualified Nigerian female citizens, especially since women had long been flying civil aviation aircraft in the country but did not get a chance to fly in the military.[7]

In March 2014, the Nigerian Government approached Pakistan for the purchase of joint Chinese-Pakistani made CAC/PAC JF-17 "Thunder" multi-role fighter aircraft. In December 2015, the Government of President Muhammadu Buhari presented a budget to the National Assembly that included N5bn for three JF-17 aircraft. On 28 March 2018, 'The Diplomat' reported Pakistan as confirming the sale of three JF-17s to Nigeria. In March 2020, NAF Chief of Air Staff announced the delivery schedule of three JF-17 Thunder to be affected in November 2020. It is understood that the Buhari administration will expand the fleet of JF-17 fighter aircraft upon an expression of satisfaction by NAF Generals, with the performance of the initial batch procured.

In December 2017, NAF formally announced that the United States of America had agreed to sell the A-29 Super Tucano attack aircraft to Nigeria after the deal had previously stalled.[8] The success of this transaction is credited to the persistent agreement and diplomatic skills of the Buhari administration.[by whom?]

In November 2018, Sierra Nevada was officially awarded the contract for the 12 Super Tucano aircraft for the NAF, with an estimated completion date by 2024.

On 2 January 2019, one Mi-35M attack helicopter from the Nigerian Air Force helicopter squadron crashed in Damasak, Borno State while providing close-air support for troops of the 145 Battalion combating Boko Haram insurgents, killing all on board. The Mi-35 in the fleet of the NAF is the top-of-the-range model acquired in the life of the administration of President Muhammadu Buhari that had also ordered several Mi-171 and Agusta 109 helicopters from both Mil Moscow Helicopters of Russia and Italy's Leonardo Aerospace for the service.

On 15 October 2019, the NAF winged its first female combat fighter jet pilot, Flight Lieutenant Kafayat Sanni, and its first female combat helicopter pilot Lieutenant Tolulope Arotile. They were amongst thirteen other pilots also winged on the same day.[9][10]

In April 2020, Embraer reported the completion of the first set of Super Tucanos out of the 12 on order, with an expected full delivery in 2021.

Structure

[edit]

The Air Force includes a service headquarters, 6 principal staff branches, 4 direct reporting units, and 4 operational commands.[11]

The Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) is the principal or lead adviser to the President and also the Minister of Defense and the Chief of Defense Staff, on air-related defense matters. The Nigerian Air Force headquarters is responsible for establishing long and short-term mission objectives and articulating policies, carrying out plans and procedures for the attainment of peace and stability. Also, HQ Nigerian Air Force liaises with the Nigerian Army and Nigerian Navy on joint operational policies and plans. The headquarters Nigerian Air Force consists of the office of the Chief of the Air Staff and 8 staff or branches namely; Policy and Plans Branch, Operations Branch, Air Engineering Branch, Logistics Branch, Administration Branch, Accounts and Budget Branch, Inspections Branch and Air Secretary Branch respectively. Each of these branches is headed by an Air Vice Marshal as branch chief.

In 2017, Key Publishing/Air Forces Monthly wrote that NAF commands included:

..two new training commands derived from the now defunct Kaduna-based Training Command – the Air Training Command (ATC) with its HQ at Kaduna and the Ground Training Command (GTC) with its HQ at Enugu; and the Lagos-based Logistics Command. Every command has several subordinate groups, each of which has at least one wing – and each wing includes one or more squadrons. Wings are not always co-located with their parent unit, and while the numerical designations of some flying wings are known, information on current flying squadrons is not openly available.[12]

Nigerian Air Force Tactical Air Command (TAC), with its headquarters situated at Makurdi, is responsible for interpreting, implementing and controlling Nigerian Air Force operational plans.

  • 33 Logistics Group (33 LOG), Makurdi[13]
  • 35 Base Service Group (35 BSG), Makurdi
  • 45 Nigerian Air Force Hospital, Makurdi
  • 47 Nigerian Air Force Hospital, Yola
  • 64 Air Defense Group (ADG) Nigerian Air Force, Makurdi
  • The unit at Makurdi includes a Combat Squadron
  • 65 Forward Operations (65 FOB) Badagry
  • 75 Strike Group (75 STG), Yola
  • 79 Composite Group (73 CG), Maiduguri
  • 81 Air Maritime Group (81 AMG), Benin
  • 97 Special Operations Group (97 SOG), Port Harcourt
  • 99 Air Combat Training Group (99 ACTG), Kainji

Nigerian Air Force Mobility Command, headquartered at Yenagoa, was established in 2011. It has five other commands located in Lagos, Ilorin, Calabar, Warri and Abuja. The Mobility Command performs tactical and strategic airlift in support of government and military operations.

Presidential Air Fleet

[edit]

The Nigerian Air Force also maintains and is the primary custodian of the air fleet in which the president flies on, as well as other state and foreign dignitaries. The fleet accounts for 10 various fixed wings and rotary aircraft.[14] According to the government, there are 10 aircraft in the fleet. They include two each of AgustaWestland AW189, and Falcon 7X, as well as one each of Bombardier Challenger 605, Boeing Business Jet, Falcon 900, Hawker 4000, Gulfstream G500, and Gulfstream G550. The fleet is situated at the Presidential Wing of the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport.

Detachments, Wings, and Forward Operational Bases

[edit]
  • Ibadan Forward Operating Base
  • Sokoto Forward Operating Base
  • 203 Medium Airlift Group (203 MAG), Ilorin
  • 205 Rotary Wing (205 RW), Lagos
  • 207 Special Mobility Group (207 SMG), Calabar
  • 209 Executive Airlift Group (209 EAG), Minna
  • 235 Base Service Group (235 BSG), Yenagoa
  • 237 Base Service Group (237 BSG), Minna
  • 301 Heavy Airlift Group (301 HAG), Lagos
  • 61 Nigerian Air Force Detachment, Warri

Nigerian Air Force Training Command, located at Old Kaduna Airport, is chiefly responsible for the training of recruits, ground support crew, and technicians.[15][16]

  • 301 Flying Training School, Kaduna
  • 303 Flying Training School, Kano
  • 305 Helicopter Group, Enugu.
  • 325 Ground Training Centre, Kaduna
  • 330 Nigerian Air Force Station, Jos
  • 333 Logistics Group (333 BSG), Kaduna
  • 335 Base Services Group (335 BSG), Kaduna
  • 337 Base Service Group (337 BSG), Enugu
  • 339 Base Service Group (339 BSG), Kano
  • 345 Air Medical Services Hospital, Kaduna
  • 347 Nigerian Air Force Hospital, Jos
  • 349 Nigerian Air Force Hospital, Kano
  • Aeromedical Centre Project, Kaduna

Nigerian Air Force Logistics Command, headquartered at Ikeja, Lagos, is tasked to acquire, maintain and sustain equipment in a state of operational readiness and at a minimum cost consistent with Nigerian Air Force mission requirements.

  • 401 Aircraft Maintenance Depot (401 ACMD), Ikeja, within Murtala Mohammed International Airport
  • 403 Electronic Maintenance Depot (403 EMD), Shasha
  • 405 Central Armament Depot (405 CAD), Makurdi
  • 407 Equipment Supply Depot (407 ESD), Nigerian Air Force Ikeja
  • 409 International Helicopter Flying School, Enugu.
  • 435 Base Service Group (435 BSG), Ikeja
  • 445 Nigerian Air Force Hospital, Ikeja

Special Operations

[edit]

Nigerian Air Force Special Operations Command (SOC), headquartered at Bauchi, Bauchi State.[17][18]

Rank structure

[edit]

Commissioned officer ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Nigerian Air Force[19]
Marshal of the air force Air chief marshal Air marshal Air vice-marshal Air commodore Group captain Wing commander Squadron leader Flight lieutenant Flying officer Pilot officer

Other ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 Nigerian Air Force[19]
 No insignia
Air warrant officer Master warrant officer Warrant officer Flight sergeant Sergeant Corporal Lance corporal Aircraftman


Bases

[edit]

Aircraft

[edit]

Current inventory

[edit]
CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder of the Nigerian Air Force
A Nigerian A-29
An AW109 helicopter
An NAF Alenia G-222
A Boeing 737 VIP transport
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat aircraft
Alpha Jet France Attack A/E 11 12 on order[20]
Chengdu J-7 China Fighter F-7 8[21]
Embraer EMB 314 Brazil COIN A-29B 12[22]
JF-17 Thunder Pakistan Multirole A/Block 2E 3[22]
Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master Italy Light combat M-346FA 24 on order[23]
Maritime patrol
ATR 42 France Maritime patrol MPA 1[22]
Reconnaissance
Beechcraft Super King Air United States ISR 360ER 2[24]
Cessna CitationJet United States ISR / maritime patrol CJ3 1[22]
Diamond DA42 Austria ISR DA42 MPP 1[22]
Diamond DA62 Austria ISR DA62 MPP 4[22]
Transport
Boeing 737 VIP United States VIP 1 Presidential Jet. Eagle One[25]
Dornier Do 28 Germany utility Dornier 128 11[22]
Dornier 228 Germany utility / transport 5[22]
Lockheed C-130 United States transport C-130H 3[22]
Aeritalia G.222 Italy transport 1
EADS CASA C-295 Spain transport 2 on order[26]
CASA/IPTN CN-235 Spain transport 4 on order[27]
Dassault Falcon 7X France VIP 2[28]
Gulfstream G550 United States VIP 1[29]
Helicopter
AgustaWestland AW109 Italy utility A109E/LUH 15 [22] 10 on order[30]
AgustaWestland AW139 Italy VIP 1[22]
Bell AH-1Z Viper United States attack 12 on order[22]
Bell 412 United States utility/transport 412EP 2[22]
Eurocopter AS332 France utility 5[22]
Eurocopter EC135 France utility H135 3[22]
Mil Mi-17 Russia transport Mi-171 6 1 crashed in August 2023[31]
Mil Mi-24 Russia attack Mi-35 15[22]
TAI T129 Turkey attack 4[32] 2 on order
Trainer
PAC MFI-17 Mushshak Pakistan basic trainer MFI-395 8[33]
Aermacchi MB-339 Italy jet trainer MB-339AN 6[22]
Chengdu J-7 China Conversion trainer FT-7Ni 1[21]
Aero L-39 Czechoslovakia jet trainer 11[34]
Robinson R66 United States Rotorcraft trainer 4 [35]
UAV
Bayraktar TB2 Turkey UCAV 43 on order[36]
CAIG Wing Loong II China UCAV 5[37] 3 on order[38]
CASC CH-4B China UCAV 4 [39]
CASC CH-3 China UCAV
Tsaigumi Nigeria UAV 6 on order[40]

UAV program

[edit]
Surveillance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Numbers Model Origin In service since
Aerostar Tactical UAS Israel 2006, believed to have been decommissioned due to a lack of spare parts
3 PD-1 Ukraine Believed to have entered service in late 2020[41]
Tekever AR3 Portugal[42] In service with the Nigerian Navy since 2021
Aerosonde Mk4 USA/Australia Made in Australia, delivered from the US, with the Nigerian Army since 2022
ALTI Transition South Africa In service with the Nigerian Police since 2022[43]
at least 3 Elistair Orion 2 France In service with the Nigerian Police for border protection since 2022[44]
Gulma Nigeria 2013, not meant to enter active service
Tsaigumi Nigeria 2018, designed in collaboration with the Portuguese company UAVision. Not destined to enter active service till 2021.
Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles
Numbers Model Origin In service since
CASC Rainbow CH-3A China 2014
CASC Rainbow CH-4A China since late 2021
2 (according to Chinese state sources)[45] CAIG Wing Loong II China 2021
Yabhon Flash-20 United Arab Emirates in service at least up from 2021
6[46] Bayraktar TB2 Turkey 2022[46]
minimum 10[47] Songar VTOL Turkey 2022[47]
Ichoku Nigeria reportedly in development since 2017. Not yet seen.

Incidents and Accidents

[edit]

On 26 September 1992, a NAF Lockheed C-130H Hercules serial number 911 crashed three minutes after take-off from Lagos, Nigeria, when three engines failed, possibly due to high take-off weight. All 158 people on board were killed, including eight foreign nationals.[48]

On 25 January 2015, a photo appeared online at Beegeagle's Blog, appearing to show a CASC Rainbow CH-3 UCAV which crashed upside down near Dumge village in the Mafa District of Borno State. The two anti-tank missiles on the CH-3's wings appear to be intact. Borno is the area where much of the Boko Haram violence, including the massacre of 2,000 civilians, occurred in 2015. The Nigerian military is fighting to hold onto the city of Maiduguri against a Boko Haram onslaught, so it appears likely that the CH-3 in question was flying reconnaissance and fire support missions for the military when it crashed. The use of armed drones by Nigerian forces in combat makes Nigeria one of the first five countries to do that in combat history.[citation needed]

On 28 September 2018, a fatal air collision involving two F-7 aircraft occurred during a formation flying exercise involving an Aeritalia G.222 and three Alpha Jets as they practiced flight maneuvers for the 58th Independence Day celebrations in the capital, Abuja. As the F-7 jets turned to the formation flying, their wings clipped each other's side.[49] Both planes lost stability due to the collision and it resulted to the spiral loss of both jets and they both crashed at the Katampe district of Abuja. Three pilots ejected out of the crippled jets. The two pilots who were on the F-7Ni ejected and landed with minor G-force injuries, and the third pilot on the F-7 ejected and sustained head injuries due to the problems from the parachute as it deployed. The pilot died on the way to the hospital as emergency services rushed to the scene of the crash. The Nigerian Air Force was notified and responded with search and rescue for all three pilots, while witnesses helped in evacuating the pilots from their stricken planes.[50][51]

On 31 March 2021, an Alpha Jet crashed near Borno State in North Eastern Nigeria, after it was conducting an air interdiction on Boko Haram. At about 5:08 p.m., the jet was reported to have stopped pinging on radar and presumed to have crashed. The wreckage was reported missing and found nineteen months later by Nigerian Army troops.[52][53]

On 18 July 2021, while returning from an air interdiction mission in the North Western region of Nigeria along the Kaduna-Zamfara state boundaries, an Alpha Jet piloted by Flight Lieutenant Abayomi Dairo was shot down by "armed bandits" in Zamfara State. Flight Lieutenant Dairo successfully ejected from the plane, evaded capture and made his way to a Nigerian Armed Forces base in the area with minor injuries. He was given a "hero's return" by the Chief of Defense Staff and other top officers, Armed Forces of Nigeria, General Lucky Irabor, alongside other military top brass.[54][55]

On 14 July 2023, while on a routine training exercise in Markudi, Benue State, a Chengdu FT-7 crashed at 4:15 pm WAT local time. Both pilots ejected out of the jet and were rescued by the Air Force personnel assigned to search and rescue.[56]

On 14 August 2023, a NAF MI-171 Helicopter, which was involved in on "casualty evacuation mission", encountered a crash at approximately 1:00 pm. The helicopter's initial point of departure was Zungeru Primary School, with its destination set for Kaduna state. However, it was later determined that the helicopter had suffered a crash in the proximity of Chukuba Village, situated within the administrative jurisdiction of the Shiroro Local Government Area in Niger State. The number of passengers or crew members could not be ascertained.[57][58] Meanwhile, Islamic Jihadists claimed responsibility for the incident.[59]

One fatal error happened in December 2023, when the Nigerian forces accidentally hit a village with an armed UAV in northwestern Nigeria killing 85 civilians[60][61] celebrating a Muslim festival. The army said they thought the people were rebels.[62]

In 2024, a Christmas Day airstrike in Sokoto state killed at least 10 people and injured many others.[63] The military targeted the terror group Lakurawa in the villages of Gidan Sama and Rumtuwa, but civilians were caught in the crossfire. The incident raised concerns among human rights groups, including Amnesty International, which called on the Nigerian military to review its procedures and avoid such deadly accidents in the future.

Errant Missions

[edit]

The Nigerian military has made several mistakes in air strikes, including:

  • January 2017: The air force bombed a camp of internally displaced people in Rann, killing more than 100 refugees and aid workers
  • April 25, 2021: A fighter jet mistakenly bombed a Nigerian Army truck, killing over 20 officers
  • September 2021: The air force bombed a fish market in Daban Masara, killing at least 60 people
  • December 18, 2022: An air strike killed 64 people in Mutumji village
  • January 24, 2023: An air strike killed more than 40 herders in Doma region
  • December 5, 2023: A drone attack killed more tgan 85 civilians who were villagers that the remote pilots reportedly mistook for terrorists.
  • December 27, 2024: At least 10 people were killed and several wounded when military jets mistakenly bombed civilians in the northwestern state of Sokoto.

No significant lesson or change resulted from these mishaps.


References

[edit]
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Bibliography

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